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Factual knowledge about society
Religious doctrines had been undermined by the French Revolution and the Enlightenment.
Saint-Simon - How to require reliable knowledge about society?
August Comte - factual and scientific positive knowledge.
Science & Observation
August Comte

Comte's aim was to create a naturalistic science of society, which would both explain the past development of mankind and predict its future course. In addition to building a science capable of explaining the laws of motion that govern humanity over time, Comte attempted to formulate the conditions that account for social stability at any given historical moment. The study of social dynamics and social statics--of progress and order, of change and stability--are the twin pillars of his systems.
Comte?s Law of Three Stages

The Theological Stage - World is animated by spirit, deities and demons.
Europe - AD 1300

The Metaphysical Stage - Principles animated society. Little knowledge of laws etc? AD 1300 - 1800
The Positive Stage - Scientific methods, science being used in every aspect of human society. 19th Century

Positive Age

Comte imagined a society controlled by science.
The people would be administered by a sociological priesthood.
Science would completely replace religion.
German Idealism + British Political economy =_______________.
Karl Marx

Historical Materialism

Karl Marx

"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness."

Marx?s Teacher - Hegel

Hegel argued that it was ideas (Zeitgeist) that drove the fundamental processes in society.
Marx inverted Hegel?s theory.
Physical reality drove society and created ideas.
Historical Materialism

"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness."

(K.Marx 1959, Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy)

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