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Intensive Revision  

Sociology and Philosophy  

Theories of Society
Theories of Knowledge

Sociological Questions
Philosophical Questions

-How social order? Change? Rel. indiv. and society
What is reality? How do I know it?

Sociological perspectives, functionalism, interactionism
Epistemologies. Empiricism, rationalism

No specific implications for methods
Necessarily underpins ALL social research
 

 

Ontology, epistemology, method = methodology  

Ontology
Structuralism
vs
Interpretivism


Materialism
vs
Idealism vs
Materialism & Idealism

Consensus
vs
Conflict


Nomothetic
vs
Ideographic


Epistemology
Empiricism
vs
Rationalism


Positivism
vs
Realism


Scientific
vs
Non-scientific


Methodology
Deductive
vs
Inductive


Quantitative
vs
Qualitative


Explanatory
vs
Descriptive


Postivist
vs
Anti-postivist


Method
Survey, statistics
vs
Participant observation,

 


Indepth interview  
 
 
 

Comparing 3 Major Perspectives

Consensus
Conflict
Interpretivism

Key Questions
Social order/change ind. & society
Social order/change power & inequality
Social order ind. & soc.
 

Marx and Marxism  

Sociological Questions:  

Social order, social change, Power and Inequality.  

Basis:  

The social aspects of society are shaped by its ECONOMIC organization.  

Social theory reveals the hidden, underlying causes of social and economic development.  

Marxist Theory ? Materialist  

Realist  

Scientific approach  

Key Ideas  

Class : All societies are divided into a ruling class and one or more subject classes. The ruling class owes is position to its ownership of the means of production, (the means of producing wealth). Class is based on ownership.  

In modern, industrial societies capitalists are the ruling class. Two class model of society.  

Ruling class also control the political, the military, and the distribution of ideas in society.  

Marx predicted a polarization of classes and the overthrow of capitalism by socialism. (class consciousness)  

Modern Sociologists have developed (and criticized) Marx?s notion of class.  

Alienation  

Marx argued that people were ?naturally? producers. Under capitalism, production is organized for profit and most people are denied the possibility of realizing their creative capacities. They are thus alienated.  

These ideas were developed in sociology in the ?Frankfurt School? by people like Marcuse. They argued that, as people are denied the possibility of realizing themselves in work, they take refuge in the consumption of consumer goods. (The obsession with having things, is a symptom of alienation)  

CRITICISMS  

Over-emphasis on the economic. Economic determinism. (Weber)
Predictions not realized
Oversimplified view of power and inequality
Underestimated role of state in modern society.
 

 


Theory continued...

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